Unusual inhabitants of the White Sea. Fauna of the White Sea The largest one lives in the White Sea
White Sea, the Mediterranean Sea of the Arctic Ocean off the northern coast of the European part of Russia. In the North, the Gorlo Strait, the northern part of which is called the Funnel, connects with the Barents Sea; the border with it runs along the line Cape Kanin Nos - Cape Svyatoy Nos. The area is about 90 thousand sq. km 2. Average depth 60 m, largest 330 m(in the northeastern part of the Kandalaksha Bay). Large bays (lips): Kandalaksha, Onega, Dvina and Mezen. Large islands - Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. The northwestern shores are high and rocky, the southeastern shores are gentle and low. The following rivers flow into the White Sea: the Northern Dvina, Mezen, Onega, Vyg, Niva, Umba, Varzuga, Ponoi, etc.
The White Sea is a shelf sea, the modern basin of which is a continental marginal depression that arose on the slope of a crystalline Baltic shield. The bottom of the sea has a strongly dissected relief. In the northwestern part, there is the Kandalaksha depression with sharply defined sides, apparently of fault origin; south of it is a hill - the foundation of the Solovetsky Islands. There are many small underwater hills (“lud”) in the Onega Bay. In Gorla and Voronka, as well as in the Mezen Bay, underwater sandy ridges created by tidal currents are characteristic. The bottom sediments of the main part of the sea and the Dvina Bay are represented by silt and sandy silt; in the Kandalaksha and Onega bays and in the northern part of the sea, sandy and rocky soils predominate. Often (especially near the coast) glacial deposits are exposed at the bottom. Like the Baltic Sea, with which the White Sea is historically closely connected, during the last ice age the White Sea basin was filled with ice. Only during the Anthropogenic period (Yoldian time), when the edge of the glacier retreated to the northwest, was the basin flooded with sea waters.
O. K. Leontiev.
Climate transitional from maritime polar to continental temperate. The average air temperature in January is from -9 to -13°C, in July from 8 to 15°C. In winter, southwest winds prevail, in summer - northeast. Cloudiness throughout the year is high (7-8 points). Frequent fogs. The annual amount of precipitation decreases from the south (529 mm, Onega) in the north-east. (282 mm, Kanin Nos). The water temperature on the sea surface in summer is from 6.9°C (in Voronka, Gorla and Onega Bay) to 15°C (in the central part), with the appearance of ice in winter from -1.3 to -1.7°C in the central part and from -0.5 to -0.7°C in bays. Salinity of water in the Funnel 34.0-34.5‰, in the Throat 30.5‰ , to the center, parts 24-26‰. Ice in the White Sea forms in October-November and stays until May-June.
surface currents in the open part of the sea weak, unstable, speed less than 1 km/h In bays, the speed of currents increases significantly. Through the Funnel and Throat there is a constant water exchange between the White Sea and the Barents Sea. Tidal currents are of great importance here. Tides are regular semi-diurnal, from 1 m(in the south) up to 10 m(in the Mezen Bay). Deep waters of the White Sea (deeper than 100 m) are characterized by constant temperature (-1.4°С) and salinity (30‰). They are formed in winter during the process of cooling and turbulent mixing in the Throat.
The fauna of the White Sea is quite diverse. What is not found in it: seals, even beluga whales, a lot of cod fish, saffron cod, saithe, herring, flounder, etc.Flora and fauna
The fauna of the White Sea is dominated by arctic species, which are clearly manifested already in the lower horizon of the sublittoral (45-150 m). Here, the salinity of the water is almost unchanged, the temperature is low and the amount of light is small. On rarely scattered rocky areas, red algae are still found, for example, odonthalia, polysiphonia, anfeltia with all their inherent biocenoses, groups of hydroids, bryozoans, and sponges. But basically this area is occupied by soft soils, on which cold-loving forms settle, such as mollusks northern joldia, cardium, maqoma, northern and oval astartes, many polychaetes, sea stars and officials.Starting from 150 m and further into the depth, the zone of the White Sea pseudo-abyssal stretches. It is distinguished by the absence of light and vegetation, constant temperature and salinity of the water. Here, in semi-liquid silts, the mollusks arctic portlandia and ice become the predominant forms. From the sublittoral, starfish of the genus Asterias and brittle ophiacanthus descend here. In addition, this area is characterized by such deep-water White Sea species as the sessile jellyfish alfalfa, the transparent ascidia eugur, the molluscs Lionsia and modiolaria, the crustacean acanthostefeira and high arctic fish species, such as the leptagon and the Arctic Sea chanterelle - Ulcina.
Among the inhabitants of the oxen mass form of arctic origin are planktonic crustaceans Calanus and Mitridia. the winged mollusk clione, and mammals - harp seals, sea hares and beluga whales. The main commercial fish of the sea, such as cod, cod, navaga, and sea flounder, also belong to cold-water species.
I will not write about each separately, I will only mention those whom I met in my life.
Dolphins - Beluga whales. When I first saw these wonderful creatures, I was about 15 years old and at that moment I was on the ship "Klavdia Elanskaya", which was going to the Solovetsky Islands. When we approached Solovki, in the distance I noticed some strange creatures jumping over the water. At first I thought it was dolphins and as it turned out, they were Beluga whales. By the way, Beluga whales belong to the family of dolphins of the suborder of toothed whales. This is one of the most vivid memories associated with them. Every year, when I go to Solovki, I dream of capturing them with my camera lens, but I can't. When they appear, as luck would have it, the camera is in the cabin. I run to the cabin, take the camera, run out, but they are already gone.
2. Seal, during the release of the nuclear submarine "Severodvinsk". 
The next animal I met on the White Sea is a seal! Seals are frequent guests in Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk. In winter, they can often be found under the Yagrinsky bridge, usually in the evening. Unfortunately, they are very difficult to capture with a camera. It is dark under the bridge and they are very shy. Unfortunately, there is one sad moment associated with them. In summer, seals often get caught in fishing nets near Yagry Island and after that their dead carcasses end up on the beach. But they are quickly taken away.
3. Flounder. 
I don’t know if crayfish can be called a part of the animal world of the White Sea, since I tried to catch them in the “Holy” Lake on Solovki. I have known for a long time that there are a lot of crayfish in the Solovki lakes. In the summer of 2013, I made an attempt to see them. Having put on a mask with a snorkel and flippers, I went deep into the lake "Saint", which, by the way, is depicted on one side of the 500-ruble bill. Long and hard I searched for these wonderful creatures, imagining that I would catch many, many of them and cook them. But when I first saw cancer among the stones, I did not know what to do. I only had a package in my hands. Foolishly decided to take it by hand. And he put out his claws, as if he was ready to fight with me. I got a little scared and decided to think about what to do. An attempt to bypass the cancer from behind was also unsuccessful, and he immediately ran away from me into the depths of the "Holy" lake. I did not expect to see such speed in crayfish. After I got out of the lake, I realized that I would never catch crayfish. Not because they can grab my finger, but it's just a pity to kill such an unusual creature.
4.Cancer 
Now let's move on to the fish! I have already talked about fish more than once. In the moments when I "catch" submarines, I also catch ordinary fish. Submarines sometimes have to wait a very long time, so I'm doing this useful thing. Usually navaga and flounder come across my bait. Navaga goes to fry, and I bring down the flounder. The taste of dried flounder, for me, is like the food of the gods! I always look forward to the summer to catch flounder with a bait, and ships and submarines with a camera.
5. Sea worm.
Well, the last thing I will write about is shrimp and a sea worm. Small transparent shrimps are found in the White Sea. In the summer, fishermen catch them at low tide with special homemade nets. They are also used as bait for fishing. In addition to shrimp, a sea worm is used for bait, which, also at low tide, is dug on the shore, from where the water has just left.
Unfortunately, there are no photos of the shrimp. I didn't even find them on the Internet, maybe they have some other name.
Urban Teaching and Research Conference
"Northern lights"
Direction
Disappearing inhabitants of the White Sea
student of 4 "A" class
MOU "Secondary School No. 6"
Supervisor:
Krasnova Marina Nikolaevna
Novodvinsk, 2011
Content
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………
Chapter 1. White Sea…………………………………………………………..…
Chapter 2. Disappearing inhabitants of the White Sea………………………………
Specially protected species of animals………..…………………………………
2.3 Activities of animal advocates…………..…………….……..……..…
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….....
…………………………………………….
Introduction.
The nature of the White Sea gave a person the opportunity to get acquainted with the huge variety of species living here. The harp seal has chosen these places for its maternity hospital. The largest Razorbill in the White Sea nests here, and beluga whales, whose population does not exceed one thousand, frolic in the coastal sea waters. Underwater world The White Sea is beautiful in landscapes and rich in marine life.
Harvesting algae, which are used as a food product, has always been a traditional trade for the local population.
In nature, there are periodic changes in climatic conditions associated with solar activity. This negatively affects the number of some species of animals. Due to climate change, the area of ice floes in the White Sea, on which seals with cubs are located, is shrinking.
Target:
study of rare and endangered animal species of the White Sea.
explore the fauna of the White Sea;
explore rare and endangered animal species;
draw the attention of others to the protection of animals.
Suppose that if we do not prevent the extermination rare species animals of the White Sea, then in the future, their numbers will sharply decrease and their complete disappearance may occur.
Relevance:
Due to climate change and human activity, the number of some animal species in the White Sea is declining. When the population decreases to a certain critical level, the probability of its extinction becomes very high. If the hunting of animals is not regulated by laws or local traditions, they may disappear.
Chapter 1. White Sea.
The White Sea is one of the most beautiful northern seas in Russia. This inland Russian sea belongs to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. It is located in the northern hemisphere, almost on all sides the sea is bounded by land, and only on the north side it is separated from the Barents Sea by a water boundary drawn through Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula and Cape Kanin Nos.
The area of the White Sea is about 90 thousand square kilometers. Average depth of the White Sea: 100 m. The greatest depth of the White Sea: 330 m.
The bottom relief is uneven and complex. Large bays of the White Sea: Mezen in the east, Dvina and Onega in the south, as well as Kandalaksha. The deepest region of the sea is the Kandalaksha Bay. The largest rivers flowing into the White Sea are the Northern Dvina, Mezen, Kandalaksha, Onega and others.
Summer on the White Sea is cool and moderately humid. Winter on the White Sea is long and severe.
Salinity of the White Sea: 24-30%. The currents of the White Sea are weak.
Some researchers suggest that the sea is called White because it is covered with ice for most of the year. Others believe that the name comes from the whitish color of the water reflecting the northern sky. Indeed, at any time of the year it remains white: either snow, or rain, or fog.
Flora and fauna of the White Sea are very diverse. In the old days it was said: "The sea is our field." Since prehistoric times, the local population has been fed by fishing and fishing for sea animals.
Inhabitants of the White Sea: about 50 species of fish (herring, cod, pink salmon, smelt, navaga, flounder, brown trout, salmon, perch and others). On the uninhabited islands of the White Sea, there are many bird markets, where during the summer sea birds incubate eggs and raise chicks.
AT 
In the White Sea, there are ringed seals, bearded seals (beared seal), harp seals, herring sharks, and star rays.
Mammals: minke and beluga whales, dolphin (porpoise) and others are few in number. Isolated cases of encounters with the Atlantic walrus were noted.
The underwater world of the White Sea is rich and unique. The White Sea is an important object for Russia and the Republic of Karelia.
Chapter 2. Disappearing inhabitants of the White Sea.
2.1.Specially protected animal species.
From the Red Book of Russia in the Kandalaksha Reserve, which is located on the shores of the White Sea, 27 species of animals are noted. For Atlantic cormorant, crested cormorant, Atlantic gray seal, the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve is the main breeding site in Russia. In addition, common eider, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, Scandinavian white-throated thrush nest in the reserve. Of the birds included only in the Red Book of the Murmansk region, we note the recent migrants to Russia - the northern gannet and great skua, which breed mainly in the reserve. The protected area is rich in marine mammals. Kandalaksha Bay is a permanent habitat for bearded seals and ringed seals, as well as gray seals. The bearded seal reaches 2.5 m in length and weighs up to 300 kg, it is rightfully considered one of the largest seals in our country. Unfortunately, the number of these animals does not exceed a few dozen. For the winter, most of these animals migrate to the nearest drifting ice, and some independently make holes in the ice, and then support them all winter. The gray seal, which is larger than the bearded seal, needs special protection and is listed in the Red Books of the Russian Federation. Sometimes cetaceans are found in the waters of the reserve. The Beluga Whale swims in large herds of several dozen.
Of the specially protected marine mammals, several species of whales and dolphins, a walrus, and an ordinary seal were recorded. The minke whale is listed in the international Red Book. The Beluga whale has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1994. As of May 1999, there were about 30 herds of beluga whales in the world, the total number of which was estimated at 100-200 thousand individuals. Currently, the main threat to beluga whales lies not in intensive fishing, but in the pollution of the habitat of beluga whales with waste and pesticides.
2.2 Rare and endangered animal species.
To 
it minke whale
.
The smallest minke. Body length 6-9 m. Weight about 10 tons. Shorter and thicker than other minke whales. From the front end of the muzzle to the blowhole there is a high longitudinal ridge. When the mouth is closed, the lower jaw protrudes 15-20 cm forward beyond the end of the muzzle. The dorsal fin is relatively far forward and has a crescent-shaped notch along the posterior edge. Tail blades are wide. The minke whale is distributed from the ice of the Arctic to the ice of the Antarctic. In the northern hemisphere, it stays closer to the coast, often entering bays and bays. Found in the White Sea. Of the fish, it eats such as capelin, herring, cod, whiting, pollock, navaga, polar cod, greenling, pollock, gerbil, saury, ivasi, dog shark. In search of fish, this whale sometimes gets into fishing gear.
Porpoises
- a genus of dolphins. Length up to 2 m. The common harbor porpoise is distributed in the waters of the Northern Hemisphere, including the White Sea.
Fishing has been prohibited since 1965. This animal species is listed in the Red Book. They differ from dolphins in the structure of the skull and teeth, which do not have a conical, but a flattened crown. Porpoises are smaller than real dolphins. The harbor porpoise keeps in small groups, but on large schools of fish it can form herds of up to a thousand or more heads. It feeds mainly on bottom fish species, diving to a depth of 260 m was recorded, and does not jump out of the water completely.
There are about 700,000 individuals worldwide.
Currently, the main factors negatively affecting the number of harbor porpoises are: unintentional by-catch during fishing, pollution of the seas and noise from intensive shipping, military exercises, mining, underwater construction, etc.
To 
it Beluga.
The color of the skin is uniform. Changes with age: newborns are dark blue, after a year they become gray and bluish-gray; individuals older than 3-5 years are pure white (hence the name).
The largest males reach 6 m in length and 2 tons in weight; females are smaller. The head of the beluga whale is small, "lobed", without a beak. The vertebrae on the neck are not fused together, so the beluga whale, unlike most whales, is able to turn its head. The pectoral fins are small and oval in shape. The dorsal fin is absent; hence the Latin name of the genus Delphinapterus - "wingless dolphin".
In the White Sea, the white whale lives off the coast of the Solovetsky Islands.
O 
Beluga whales feed mainly on schooling fish (capelin, cod, polar cod, herring, navaga, flounder, whitefish and salmon species); to a lesser extent - crustaceans and cephalopods. An adult individual consumes about 15 kg of food per day.
Beluga whales travel in herds. Chasing shoals of fish, beluga whales sometimes gather in herds of hundreds and even thousands of heads.
Beluga whale is an object of limited fishing (skin and fat are used). For the last three decades, commercial fishing for beluga whales has not been carried out in Russia; several dozen individuals are harvested annually for the needs of the peoples of the North and the Far East, scientific research and dolphinariums.
B 
The White Sea is the only maternity hospital for all white whales in the European part of the Arctic. The main part of the White Sea beluga population lives in the White Sea from early spring to late autumn, leaving before the main freeze-up in the Barents Sea, where it winters, apparently, in its southeastern part. In summer, beluga whales are distributed throughout the White Sea and enter numerous bays and bays.
sea hare (beared seal)- a mammal of the true seal family. Length up to 2.4 m, weighs up to 360 kg. Fishing object. The name "sea hare" was given to this seal by Russian hunters because of its shy habits. Or, according to another version, for the similarity of the "jumps" that he makes when moving on land and ice.
O 
bearded seal lives in coastal shallow waters with depths of up to 50-70 m. It feeds mainly on invertebrates (shrimps, crabs, mollusks, sea worms) and bottom fish (flounder, polar cod, goby, capelin). In summer and autumn bearded seal forms rookeries where tens or even hundreds of seals lie. As the ice appears, bearded seals move on to them. On the ice they keep singly or in groups of 2-3 animals. Lakhtak is a slow, overweight animal and cannot move quickly on ice. Some sea hares stay in the coastal strip for the winter, arrange holes in the ice through which they exit the water. Sometimes the hole is covered with a thick layer of snow, and the animals build a hole in it.
The skin of the bearded seal is so strong and thick that the population of the north made kayaks from it, cut straps for sleds, skis and harnesses for dogs, cut out soles for boots. Meat, flippers and fat were used for food; the latter was also used for lighting. The harvest of the bearded seal is prohibited.
FROM 
gray or long-faced seal.
The distribution of the Atlantic gray seal covers the seas of the North Atlantic. In the territorial waters of Russia, gray seal breeding haulouts are formed on the islands of the Murmansk region. Keeps in the coastal zone near the rocky shores, prefers to lie on the sea coast.
Body length 165-260 cm. Puppies appear in the autumn-terrestrial time from September to February, usually at night. The female feeds the cubs with milk for 2-3 weeks.
P 
They feed on cod, flounder, salmon, herring, gobies, capelin, stingrays, hake, less often crabs, squids, crustaceans and mollusks. Natural enemies are killer whales, sharks. The total number of Atlantic gray seals is estimated at about 150,000 heads.
harp seal .
FROM 
The male harp seal has a very distinctive coloration and is difficult to confuse with other seal species. They have a silver gray coat, a black head and a black horseshoe line extending from the shoulders down both sides. Females have a similar pattern, but are somewhat paler and sometimes split into patches. Harp seals are 170 to 180 cm long and weigh 120 to 140 kg. Harp seals prey primarily on fish and crustaceans. Hunting for them, seals dive to a depth of 200 m.
B 
spruce - a baby harp seal. The birth of the puppy takes place on the ice. In the White Sea, breeding haulouts are located far from the coast, closer to its middle. In females of the White Sea population, cubs are born in late February - early March. The entire period of the puppy takes no more than 10 days. At first, their fur is white in the cubs (hence the name - pups), and after molting, after three to four weeks, the cubs change color to gray - therefore the name of the grown cub is serk. Adult animals acquire a characteristic harp-like pattern. This gave the second name of the seal - harp seal (English). Females bring one cub a year. Most of the victims of hunting are seal cubs no older than 3 months - pups and serks.
Belek is a seal pup from the moment of birth to the beginning of molting - about two weeks old (March, 1-15).
Khokhlusha is the next stage of the cub, when the squirrel begins to molt and has more areas covered with white fur, and where it has already crawled out, gray fur peeps through;
FROM 
yerka - a molted harp seal cub, covered with gray fur (up to a year).
The object of fur hunting in the White Sea is white pup. The main value is the fur skin, which after processing is used to make warm clothes, especially hats. Seal meat is also used.
According to the results of the first accounting aerial photography of the White Sea population, carried out in 1928, the population of the harp seal was determined to be approximately 3.0-3.5 million heads. Intensive harvesting of seals led to a reduction in the population to 1.0-1.5 million by the mid-1950s. Continued intensive fishing caused a further decline in the number of all populations. By the mid-1960s, the number of the White Sea population had dropped to 300,000. Calculation of the number of harp seal pups using thermal imaging shows that in 2003 the number of newborn pups was about 350,000, while in 2008 it was already less than 120,000.
O 
The main reasons for the decline in the harp seal population are: commercial fishing, global climate change, the development of the oil industry. According to environmentalists and the Ministry of Natural Resources, the seal population is rapidly declining. Over the past six years, their number has decreased by almost three times.
2.3 Animal welfare activities.
O 
seal hunters actively oppose any attempt to take away their jobs. 
They have one argument - an old craft. Belkovs and Serks - already shed cubs up to a year old - were still hunted by great-grandfathers. Completely forgetting that great-grandfathers did not have helicopters and snowmobiles. And in one run they did not take out hundreds of dead animals from the ice floes.
Animal advocates claim that the procedure for catching and slaughtering seals is extremely cruel: they are hit on the head with a hook and then skinned.
Hunting for seals has long been banned throughout the world, and only Canada and Denmark (in Greenland) conduct limited fishing for serka.
Until 2009, Russia was the only country in the world that permitted the slaughter of newborn harp seal pups.
One of the first organizations that came to the defense of seals is the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). The protection of harp seal pups was the main reason for the creation of this organization. IFAW is actively working to protect the harp seal in both Canada and Russia. In the future, many joined the protection of the harp seal famous people. So in 1977, actress Brigitte Bardot organized a demonstration outside the Norwegian embassy in Paris. Soon the President of France introduced a ban on the import of products made from fur coats. Thus, France became the first country where special measures were introduced against the extermination of seals.
AT 
In Russia, in the city of Tomsk, in March 2008, a campaign was organized by the public against seal hunting under the name "Do not beat the lying one!".
For the first time in history, a temporary ban on work on the ice was introduced, which automatically prevented the hunting of seals. This victory was due to widespread public outrage and an appeal to the President famous people Russia. Andrei Makarevich, after a high-profile press conference with the participation of Elena Kamburova, Konstantin Raikin, Laima Vaikule, Mikhail Shirvindt, Irina Novozhilova, contacted the presidential administration and the governor of the Arkhangelsk region by phone and received an assurance of support for the protest. Laima Vaikule, Viktor Gusev, Alena Sviridova, Alexander F. Sklyar made a heroic helicopter flight landing on the ice of the White Sea to newborn seals, organized by the Vita Animal Rights Protection Center. Andrey Arshavin spoke in support of the protest. The protest was supported by famous artists, musicians, directors, painters, sculptors, academics, journalists, athletes and TV presenters. They made a documentary
"Kill Free Zone"
However, the abolition of the slaughter of seal pups was not enshrined in law. In addition, at the end of March, the hunters on ships went to sea and organized a hunt for a grown seal cub - a serka. A new appeal was sent to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev.
As a result of February 2009, Russia introduced a complete ban on hunting seal pups of all age groups (white seals, khokhlush and gray seals).
Today, hunting for harp seal pups is prohibited in Russia. This fishery is considered one of the most cruel, environmentalists around the world have been fighting for its ban for a long time.
Conclusion.
The decline in the number of animal species under the influence of human economic activity began a very long time ago, but especially intensified in the era of the scientific and technological revolution. At the same time, the rate of extinction of animal species has been steadily increasing with particular rapidity in the last one and a half to two centuries. Significant territories and large water areas, especially inland seas, lakes and rivers, are so changed due to the accumulation of harmful substances that they become unsuitable for the life of many animal species.
According to environmentalists and the Ministry of Natural Resources, the seal population is rapidly declining. Over the past six years, their number has decreased by almost three times. The reason is climate change and ice melting. But, first of all, the person is to blame.
Our country remained one of the few where hunting was allowed.
Currently, hunting for harp seal pups is completely prohibited in Russia. Scientists hope that the new measures will save the seal population.
Similar rules apply in almost all countries of the world.
Due to climate change and human activity, the number of other inhabitants of the White Sea is also declining. When the population decreases to a certain critical level, the probability of its extinction becomes very high. Today, experts began a new study in the White Sea.
Conclusion: our hypothesis is correct, because if the extermination of rare animal species of the White Sea is not prevented, then in the future their numbers will sharply decrease and their complete disappearance may occur.
Bibliography
Andriyashev A.P., Fishes of the northern seas of the USSR, M. - L., 1954; Life of animals, vol. 4, part 1, M., 1971; Nikolsky G.V., Private Ichthyology, 3rd ed., M., 1971.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.
Geptner V.G., Chapsky K.K. et al., 1976. Mammals of the Soviet Union, 2 (3). Pinnipeds and toothed whales. M.: Higher school with.
"For younger schoolchildren about the nature of Karelia", Babakova T. A., Momotova A. P., Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1988 - 213 p.
Internet sites:
http://click-up.narod.ru/tr-mr2.html
http://www.infotags.ru/mir82_1.htm
http://druidgor.narod.ru/travnik/travnik219.html
www.tuleni.ru
http://www.fishingcenter.ru/articles/view/104/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastes
Shark in the White Sea
Greenlandic seals again in Kandalaksha White Sea population
Monument to the seal in Arkhangelsk.
White Sea- the smallest of all and at the same time one of the most beautiful seas in the world.
White Sea
The cold White Sea was also called the Solovetsky, Calm, Cold, Northern. It belongs to the pool.
The sea is inland and is located in the north.
The White Sea is considered the smallest in terms of area, which reaches 90.8 tons km2. The greatest length is the distance from Kem to Cape Kanin Nos. It also does not differ in depth, the average reaches 70 m, and the largest is only 340 m.
Rivers flow into the sea: Onega, Northern Dvina, Mezen, Ponoy, Kem. Of the ports, Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk, Mezen, Belomorsk, Kem, Onega can be noted. The White Sea connects with the Volga-Baltic water basin and with.
The relief of the bottom of the sea
The shoal, located in the northern part, reaches 50 m in depth. In the Onega and Dvina bays, the shallow turns into a slope, and already in the center there is a basin with the greatest depth of 340 m. The basin is closed in the central part. It is separated by rapids with shallow depths. This prevents the exchange of deep waters.
The bottom of the sea is covered with pebbles, gravel and a layer of sand in some places with shell rock. In the central part at the bottom, fine-grained silt has a brown color. Geologists have discovered ferromanganese nodules here.
The harsh conditions of this part affect the hydrological regime, as well as tidal phenomena, the flow of water from rivers. The tides are semi-diurnal, the height of the tide is 3 meters, and in narrow straits the tidal wave reaches 7.5 m and rises 100 km higher in the mouths of the rivers.
In autumn, storms with a wave height of up to 6 m can be observed on the sea. Winter is quite severe, the water is covered with ice. Fast ice forms near the coast, and in the central part, floating ice reaches a thickness of 40 cm. In the coldest winters, ice can be more than one meter. In summer, the water warms up by 6 - 140 C. At a depth below 50 m, the water has a constant temperature. It ranges from -1 to + 20 C.
Due to the constant inflow of fresh water from the rivers, the salinity of water on the surface is low and has from 24 ppm, and in the deep layers it reaches 30 ppm. The fresh mass of water passes along the eastern coast and enters the Barents Sea through the Gorlo. Close to the western shore, the current carries salt water to the White Sea. So, the annular current constantly moves counterclockwise, carries away fresh water, and salty ones come in.
Flora and fauna of the White Sea
In this sea, flora and fauna are much poorer than in. There you can catch five times more fish per hectare than in Bely. Zoologists explain this by the fact that the climatic conditions are more severe, the salinity of the water is lowered, the winter period is too
harsh. In the upper layers of the water, boreal forms of the animal and plant world predominate, and below 50 m at a depth where the temperature is always the same, already arctic. This zone is represented by a cold-water relic.
Herring, salmon, saithe, cod, saffron cod, and flounder are fished in the White Sea. Of the mammals, they hunt for the harp seal and seal.
The vegetation for the North Sea is quite diverse. There are up to 200 species of algae. These are kelp, zoster, anfeltia.
In Karelia, on the Belyi coast, tourism, diving and diving are well developed. Plenty for outdoor enthusiasts. So, you will definitely have something to do on vacation there. Have a good travel!
The White Sea is an inland sea in the north of the European part of Russia, belonging to the Arctic Ocean. Every year it is covered with ice for 6-7 months. Here, at the White Sea Biological Station, a wonderful underwater photographer Alexander Semenov worked and took pictures of marine animals.
Today we will get acquainted with some unusual inhabitants of the White Sea and not only.
Photos by Alexander Semenov. He is a graduate of the Department of Zoology of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and an underwater photographer.
polychaete worm
It is the largest representative of the Nereid family - it can reach 60-70 cm in length.
polychaete worm
Polychaete worm close up. In nature, everything is complicated:
polychaete worm
eared jellyfish
The body of the eared jellyfish is translucent, pinkish-violet-blue hues. Nature created the dome of the jellyfish in the form of a round flat umbrella, along the edge of which there are numerous thin tentacles hanging down. Dome diameter up to 40 cm.
eared jellyfish
In the center of the lower concave part of the umbrella there is a quadrangular mouth opening, surrounded by four large oral lobes resembling donkey ears in shape, for which the jellyfish got its specific name eared (aurita):
eared jellyfish
sea goat
Sea goats (Caprella septentrionalis) belong to a group of marine benthic crustaceans adapted to climbing on aquatic plants and various animals. In huge herds of sea goats, not everything is always smooth sailing. Sometimes especially aggressive goats start to fight for food or for the best place.
sea goat
underwater cave
underwater cave
corifella polaris
Coryphella polaris (Coryphella polaris) is a nudibranch mollusk. The structural features of these animals include the absence of both a shell and a pronounced mantle.
corifella polaris
Corifella polaris is an extremely rare mollusk. The long "horns" on the head are modified tentacles, chemical sense organs and, in general, the main sensory system of any nudibranch.
corifella polaris
These are slow animals, and crawling 40 centimeters along a huge stem costs Polaris a whole day, I guess.
corifella polaris
hairy cyanoea
The body of the jellyfish has a variety of colors, with a predominance of red and brown tones. Usually cyanideas do not grow more than 50-60 cm.
hairy cyanoea
But there are also giants. Arctic cyanide is the largest jellyfish in the oceans. There are specimens with a dome diameter reaching 2 m. The tentacles of such large specimens can stretch up to 20 m.
hairy cyanoea
Hairy cyanide (Cyanea capillata) is also called the lion's mane because of the spectacular tentacles dragging behind them.
hairy cyanoea
Jellyfish are absolutely fantastic creatures.
hairy cyanoea
Due to the fact that the jellyfish mainly consists of water, its life on land is impossible. When a jellyfish is washed ashore, it dies, drying out in the sun.
hairy cyanoea
hairy cyanoea
Cyclosalp
Salps are tunicates, they are chordates, that is, they are no longer completely invertebrates. Cyclosalps are a colony of several individuals connected in such a barrel with tails that slowly swims in the water column. About 5 cm in size. These are very delicate organisms.
Cyclosalp
Giantoctopus
This is a very large octopus, the usual weight of which is 1-10 kg. Large individuals up to 150 cm in size and weigh about 30 kg. Specimens up to 50 kg in weight and up to 3 meters long have been registered.
giant octopus
The octopus is not only one of the smartest sea creatures, but is generally ranked as the 9th smartest animal on Earth by Animal Planet.
giant octopus
Gorgon head
This northern monster lives in the White Sea at depths from 20 to 4,000 meters. Despite the branching and apparent bulkiness, the rays of the gorgonocephalus are very mobile - they can curl up into rings, hug objects and generally move quickly in all directions. When the animal actively moves them, it resembles snakes swarming on the head of Medusa Gorgon ...
Gorgon head
metridiums
Huge 2-3-4-meter boulders are all covered with a cap of millions of thin tentacles, and somewhere under this cap, hundreds of huge trunks grow from a boulder, forming a real forest.
metridiums
Hyperia galba
Hyperia galba
Leukothea
Fantastically beautiful ctenophores that slowly soar in the water column, opening huge mouth blades and wielding four thick tentacles.
Leukothea
Absolutely cosmic being:
Leukothea
Generica
This is an ordinary White Sea star, it can be of different colors. Here it is lilac, and there are also pale pink, yellow, fiery red and all sorts of others.
Generica
sea anemone
Metridiums (Metridium senile) are large sea anemones, up to 30 cm in height, but as soon as you touch the delicate tentacles, the animal shrinks into a muscular, tight stump. In cold water, all animals behave slowly, so the contracted metridium will not open soon.
The sea anemone Metridium senile lives at depths from 3 to 30–40 m, mainly on rocky bottoms. Prefers vertical walls and strong currents. Often settles on shells of mollusks, forming large colonies.
sea anemone
Nereid
Marine bristle-footed worms with numerous bristles. Isn't he handsome?
Amphipod Paramphitoe
This is a Paramphitoe amphipod (Paramphitoe cuspidata), living inside the sponges, but sometimes creeping out. This "beast" is only 4-5 mm in size, by the way.
Amphipod Paramphitoe
Comb jelly Beroe
Another spacecraft with side lights is the Beroe comb jelly (Beroe cucumis). It is notable primarily for the fact that it eats other ctenophores. Most of the time he swims with his mouth closed, but as soon as he smells prey, he immediately opens his mouth wide and swims on it. Another ctenophore may even be several larger in size This does not interfere with Beroe - when he pokes his muzzle into him, he literally sucks his soft carcass with his mouth, inflating his own body.
Comb jelly Beroe
Serpula
These are rather large worms that live in thick calcareous tubes attached to stones. A 3-4 cm corolla of tentacles sticks out of the tube, which are both gills and a trapping net for edible organic matter passing by.
Part of the tentacles (or one, I don’t know for sure) turned into a “pipe” - a long, strong funnel with which the worm closes the entrance to the tube when it hides inside. Serpules are absolutely fantastically incredibly beautiful, of different colors.
Information from the site http://loveopium.ru/